Negotiation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Negotiation - Essay Example The activity of negotiation takes place in all spheres of personal as well as professional life. Negotiation takes place in personal events such as marriage, parenting and divorce in daily life. In various professional activities of business, legal matters, economic and financial decisions, negotiation brings about logic and counter logic as support system for decision making. Negotiation requires a pro-active action on the part of the negotiator which enables him to get his desired objective or goal (Fisher and  Ury, 2012, p.59). The individuals who are go-getters are able to negotiate well as they endorse their opinion with support logic that conquers any other counter logic. Rather than waiting for somebody else to take the initiative, a better and fruitful way of negotiation is to initiate the proceeding and control the course of discussion with the help of strong communication skills backed by logical reasoning. The process of negotiation is complete when an advantage over oth er opinion is achieved with the help of proactive action, strong communication skills and logical ability. ... The underlying roots that led to his ideas and opinions could only be clarified by the individual. The effects of the activity of negotiation are also known best to the individual. Since the course of discussion includes several opinions from the individuals in the group and is not a monologue, there will be diverse proposals on a certain topic from the participants (Hall, 1993, p.53). The acceptance of the ideas among all the group members is an activity of negotiation that needs clear and articulated approach of the participants engaged in the course of activity or discussion. The person needs to stand out of the crowd in terms of logical power and the ability of reasoning. A critical thought needs to be put on the process of bargaining and negotiation with others for acceptability of ideas (Spangle and  Isenhart, 2003, p.31). The power of reasoning that would put an individual ahead of others in the process of negotiation needs to be supported by strong communication skills. Wit h the help of excellent communication skills, the negotiation on desired matters could be carried out effectively. Finally a proactive approach needs to be implemented rather than waiting for other to take action in the process of bargain. A go-getter who is able to put forth his views and obtain a consensus on his proposals is able to attain advantage over others in the process of negotiation. Rationale for argument The rationale for the argument on negotiation that requires the essential qualities of a go-getter, strong communicator and a logical person has been explained as follows. A proactive approach is required for endorsing the strategic choice of the individual in the process of negotiation because if the pro-active step is not taken, it would lead to some

Travel and Tourism Environment in Brazil Case Study

Travel and Tourism Environment in Brazil - Case Study Example During the 18th and 19th centuries, it became the commercial center for the rich sugar and cotton region along the zona da Mata west of Arcanum. Out at the Engenho Boa Sorte, two km from town along the river, is the baroque Igreja de Camandaroba, the second building that the Jesuits constructed back in 1731.Aracaju just may be the Cleveland of the Northeast. The city has little to offer the visitor-there is no colonial inheritance-and it is visually quite unattractive. Even beaches are below the prevailing high standard of the Brazilian Northeast. the Permanent Secretary relates to the activities and developments which have taken place in the period between the XVI Inter-American Travel Congress, which was held in Panama on November 25-28, 1991, and the XVII Congress. In this regard, it includes a summary report on the implementation of the resolutions of the XVI Congress, the activities of the Permanent Executive Committee (PEC), and developments relating to the General Secretariat's involvement in tourism related projects and activities. THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTEGRATED TOURISM ITINERARIES,ECOTOURISM,THE ENVIRONMENT AND TOURISM,SHORT-TERM TRAINING IN ECOTOURISM FOR THE HOTEL AND TOURISM INDUSTRY,THE ECONOMIC BENEFITS FROM TOURISM,ATTRACTING ADDITIONAL SOURCES OF CONCESSIONARY CREDIT FOR TOURISM DEVELOPMENT PROJECT,CRUISE TOURISM,FINANCING FOR TOURISM DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS 2. Roles of government, private and international organizations in developing tourism (how the government is hThe Brazilian study is the first attempt to identify those national organizations that are Making grants for public benefit in Brazil. It provides many valuable insights into the origins and nature of these organizations and their capacity to mobilize and distribute resources and Suggests ways to increase their role and impact. The findings are based on a universe of 31Grant making foundations.elping, example: foreigner policies, duty free, taxation, relaxing policies for tourists).The study shows that over three quarters of all foundations operate their own programs in Addition to giving grants. One striking feature of the Brazilian context is that these programs Are frequently operated in partnership with other nonprofits, government programs, Community associations or corporations. Through such partnerships, which take many forms and also include donations, foundations test pilot programs, replicate successful initiative sand transfer business skills. It is significant that education is given a high priority by Brazilian foundations, constituting a Programmatic priority for 81% of foundations.5 the author suggests that this is largely because education is a popular cause with the public, represents a low risk and fits national Priorities, making it possible to leverage government resources. The Brazilian study shows that corporate grant makers are playing a key role in the creation ofa new professional culture of grant making and have introduced concepts and practices from The business sector into the management of their organizations. Program designed for staff member of Brazil's congress to observe education initiatives in the

Does N.I.E. help a business assess the risks when considering Foreign Assignment

Does N.I.E. help a business assess the risks when considering Foreign Direct Investment - Assignment Example The growing inequality and the gap between rich and poor countries have put questions on the ability of foreign institutions having solution. NIE also suffers from the means of measuring variables discussed in the theory such as transaction cost. 13 Conclusion 13 Introduction In order to fully understand and analyze the role of new institutional economics (NIE) in risk assessment of foreign direct investment (FDI), we first need to develop a sound understanding of the new institutional economy and various aspects of foreign direct investment. In this paper I will discuss what is New Institutional Economics and its background; and how it is dissimilar from traditional economics. Its various impacts and demands will also be discussed. I will also discuss help of NIE in finding solutions which were previously unresolved. What change in system is required for its implementation? NIE is not without its shortcomings it also poses some problems. In this paper we will try to analyze the impa ct of NIE on foreign direct investment. ... believe 1(Barnard Chavance, 2009) that importance of institutions can also be analyzed with the instruments of standard economic theory with some adjustments. He emphasized on the absence of existence of the firms in the conventional economics. He uses the cost of using the price mechanism as his basis. The search of appropriate prices and negotiation of separate contracts can be costly for individuals. Hence an individual volunteers himself under the authority of an organization or entrepreneur to sell his services to the market. Hence market transactions are eliminated and firm replaces the market thus economizing the cost of price determination. He developed the concept of transaction cost. Differing cultural values provide an advantage. The nature of the labour force shows that the cost of overcoming the difference in culture is sometimes worth the cost because of other benefits. This may not be the case always, some countries are obliged to adopt systems that are not in accordan ce to their customs, or companies create their own cultures. Some of the examples from the real world are former COMECON states adopting market based ideas and practices. Candidate states for membership to the E.U. adopting practices to facilitate entry. Western states adopting Japanese production systems, systems developed in a Japanese culture, because of its efficiency. All this implies that national cultural systems must adjust to the demands of modern capitalism. Inability to adjust will restrict or limit the extent the country or region is able to participate in international trade. New Institutional Economics (N.I.E.) helps in studying this problem. Main Characteristics of the New Institutional Economics New institutional economics is different from old institutional economics which

Which enable clients to quote Essay Example for Free

Which enable clients to quote Essay In recent years, the significance of E-Procurement strategies has been emphasized frequently in the field of e-commerce. Since there are many dimensions in the implementation of E-Procurement strategies, a multi variety of E-Procurement strategies have been developed and embodied. E-Procurement is more than just a system for making purchases online. E-Procurement system can connect companies and their business process directly with suppliers while managing all interactions between them. Which enable clients to quote, requisition, order, and track and receive through single online channel. Finding an appropriate and well managed is a crucial step in creating E-Procurement strategies. To solve this problem, this study investigates various approaches towards achieving best E-Procurement strategies for a given category. Significance of E-Procurement It’s evident that E-Procurement sites are the most successful. How you approach your target audience may differ depending on whether one uses a business-to-business (B2B) or business-to-consumer (B2C) e-commerce model, but the major goal is to meets your customers’ needs and generate profit at the same time. Applying E-Procurement, benefits Supplier, Merchant and Customers. The companies can save on purchasing costs through online e-procurement system by tracking purchase, suppliers, better negotiation. To be successful, the e-seller must select best E-Procurement strategies for Managing all the challenges for B2B Procurement which includes approved suppliers on-line, Increasing efficient of purchase management ,better Forecasting , best deal reports ,accessibility, flexibility, control ,cost ,time , Less maverick buying and for some global operations (Chaffey, 2007). Strategies for e-procurement E-procurement is the automation of the procurement processes so that the sourcing vendor selection, procurement processes, shipment status tracking and payment can be made in an online environment. The main aim of the e-procurement application is to reduce the cycle time for performing such applications hence increasing the opportunities that will attract more suppliers and greater bargaining power to the buyers and this helps a company or an organization to realize greater profits within the organization. Most of the organizations and companies nowadays are looking for ways in which they are going to cut cost as the living standards and economic status keeps on changing and this leaves most of the companies with no option than to look for various ways to cut costs in every possible way. This can only be achieved by what is known as procurement and different companies have different definitions making it the strategic arm for cost reduction. Procurement is a very broad term and companies have to adapt e-procurement for all types of purchasing and in most cases the best place to apply electronic procurement is where a very close business relationship must be established and ongoing mutual aid is needed with suppliers and this is especially when developing new products or technologies. In today’s dynamic business companies are differentiating sourcing and logistics, value chain has been be the only solution due to the e-procurement applications which helps organizations and companies to realize lots of benefits through its usage and makes the company discover a cost reduction of up to 5-10% of the total procurement spent in an organization. Before any company or organization thinks of using the e-procurement they have to bear in mind if the implementation will help the organization to generate more income and the benefits it will deliver to their organization and if it will deliver the same benefits to the industry. This profits of the e-procurement can only be realized when a well plan procurement strategy is put in place and this strategy that may seem to be different from other companies is what will help your organization to realize the huge profits which will be an advantage to your company. According to research done on different sectors it indicates that almost 55% of the procurement expenditure is on services with the major services procured is management, business and administration services, and advertisement, marketing and sales services, technology services and others and yet most organizations do not have a corporate wide policy for procuring such services. Another option that can be helpful for an organization is to choose only certain aspects of the e-procurement process to automate. For example some of the organization and businesses do their negotiations outside the e-procurement system and use the internet to do all their purchasing and order tracking and this will help an organization a great deal to realize huge profits depending on their needs. Many of the organizations and businesses simply use e-procurement for connectivity purposes and this option is only suitable to companies or businesses that are not interested in making a major switch and are happy with their procurement system they have. E-procurement systems help every company a great deal in terms of delivery as they get impressive returns on their investments To effectively implement the e-procurement 1. Start with non-critical items. An initial e-procurement system should slim the amount of paperwork needed for purchasing and reduce order complexity by standardizing the exchange process between supplier and buyer. Use your intranet to bring all internal stake-holders on board with your new procurement process and to establish internal customer behavior. Streamline, map, test, troubleshoot and improve the process before expanding it to external suppliers. Work with a favored supplier to test the system. 2. Leverage your system once it’s running. Exploit your full purchasing power by using reversed auctions. Invite new suppliers to participate once the system has proven itself. 3. Combine buyers within your organization to increase your purchasing power and gain better pricing. 4. Use a portfolio approach to expand your system. It is not possible to have uniform relationships with all suppliers nor are all purchasing requirements the same. Sort purchasing needs into groups that can use a similar process and a similar template Difficulty in E-Procurement There exist several differences between Merchants from different parts of the globe due to differing cultures, values, Policy and terms. In addition, Involved in managing more complex B2B relationships requiring expensive technology and capabilities. Integrating between purchasing process and information of Inventory, logistics and other systems require much more customization. Business Objectives towards E-Procurement Strategy The main aim of the business to reduce the cost, Improve contact compliance. Enhanced market data. Improve in provisions of service and cost. Strengthen the competition, balancing the trade during agile business process, Improve the Internal customer relationship management. Best Spend Management during recession. One-stop-shopping, getting more partners, reduced dependency and lower inventory. Reduced paper cost, Better finding products. Distributes the purchasing power to authorized user, standardizes buying methods. To make effective use of human resources (Kaplan, Norton, 2004). Business/Purchaser considerations Towards E-Procurement Strategy In order to achieve E-Procurement across all channels, it is important that the business develops at least minimal strategy outlining its goals and how to achieve them. Understanding current purchasing policies. Investigate the type of spending by classifying the buying goods in terms of direct and indirect. Identify the source of goods and services which are belong to either contract or spot purchase. To be success, it depends in large part on the number and types of merchants that join. Considering the extra cost which may be included in switching supplier. Maintaining supplier business relationship (Dobni, 2003). Identify high supply risk and low profit of business process. Financial standing, settlement and Logistics needs of Purchaser, Quality of Purchaser staff. Supplier/Technology Consideration towards E-Procurement What are the functions are included. Is key suppliers are ready to use e-commerce. Who and how best maintain the catalogue content. Is it feasible interface with leading supplier hubs and is it scalable to meet the supplier needs (Verma, 2007). Developing the Best Strategy for E-Procurement The initial E-procurement strategy can be derived from the following steps. Identify the objectives of business and possible conditions. Then involves in situation and context analysis and followed by SWOT analysis of business, Technology and process . Finally derive the best strategy by taking the Key considerations from Merchant, supplier and Technology perspective. As well as consider budget and performance perspective without deviating from the Business Goals and Objectives (Kaplan, Norton, 2004). Guidelines for choosing best E-Procurement strategy E-procurement is basically divided into 4 categories as Buyer centric, Supplier centric, E-marketplaces, and Collaborative. The following bullet points are generic and applicable to all categories †¢ Addressing basic type of goods and service covered by e-procurement. Direct and Indirect goods. Indirect materials are generally included commodity and standard Item and often cut industry line and low risk. †¢ Direct Materials are not easy to automate and consume large resources and need degree of collaboration with suppliers †¢ Focusing on defined Target groups E-procurements process is geared towards the supplier and consumer satisfaction and needs. †¢ Equal Fostering competition Both supplier and consumer should be economically benefit †¢ Enable supply management to focus on value added function of contract management and Strategic sourcing Controls Procurement expense and makes great deal of sense to help keep costs under control †¢ Encouraging the re-use of existing solutions †¢ Intensify the collection of feedbacks and success stories from direct and indirect contact †¢ Create Effective Collaboration which provide best Cross functional and supplier collaboration †¢ Spend Management Initiatives reduce of Maverick buying and tightened spend management †¢ Provide Price adjusting strategy based on the situations and deals †¢ Manages a Global system of supply chain methods to support beyond corporative Limit by introducing modern and structured e-procurement process. The process is transparent and easy to use. †¢ Selecting the appropriate e-procurement techniques for the give products needs †¢ Depends on company size and financial status select either wait and see or passive approach †¢ Increase corporate leverage with the reports available †¢ Choosing effective Platform o Easy to use by both vendor and buyer o Flexible enough to accommodate direct and indirect purchasing needs o Functionality rich enough to perform wide rand of purchasing, searching, sourcing, bidding, tracking, auditing, †¢ Choosing Right vendor o Considering quality of service providers includes B2B strong knowledge and market place Interaction (Gronroos, Ojasolo, 2004). Conclusion There is need of choosing best e-procurement strategy to be successful in B2B relationship. For this to be effectively achieved, it should be in a way that is acceptable by both Purchaser and supplier to meet their needs. As such, the B2B relation success is determined by ability of choosing best strategy of e-procurement. References Dobni, D. (2003). A framework for understanding service sector Productivity, the Journal of Services Marketing. Gronroos, C. Ojasolo, K. (2004). â€Å"Service productivity: towards a conceptualization of transformations of inputs into economic results in services†. Journal of Business Research. Kaplan, R. S. , Norton D. P (2004). The Balanced Scorecard: Measures That Drive Performance, Harvard Business Review. Kaplan, R. S. , Norton D. P (2004). Putting the Balanced Scorecard to Work, Harvard Business Review Verma, K. (2007). Service marketing: text and cases. India: Pearson education Aaker, D. (2004). Brand portfolio strategy: creating quality service delivery. Free press. Business Review Weekly, vol. 21, issue 34-37 Business review weekly: Dell Inc. Business review weekly. Chaffey, Dave (2007). E-business and e-commerce management. Prentice Hall. Ogg, Erica (2009). A modest approach to fix Dell’s customer service. Retrieved on 12th February, 2009 from http://news. cnet. com/8301-10784_3-9939821-7. html Dell Website. Build or release? Retrieved on 12th February, 2009 from http://www. dell. com/downloads/global/power/ps3q09-20090389-Build. pdf Holzner, Steven (2006). How Dell does it. McGraw-Hill Professional. Blackshaw, Peter (2008). Satisfied customers tell three, angry customers tell 3000. Doubleday.

Positive and negative aspects of globalisation

Positive and negative aspects of globalisation This study debates the positive and negative aspects of globalisation and attempts to determine the impact of the phenomenon on the lives of modern day humans. Globalisation is undoubtedly the defining feature of the contemporary world (International .2006, p 101-111). Economic globalisation, the driver of this phenomenon, concerns the growing interdependence of different national economies that is taking place because of the continuance and growth of international trade in commodities and services, rapid advancement and spread of technologies, flow of international capital across states, and movement of people across geographic borders (Kim Zurlo, 2008, p 130-141). Economic globalisation is in another sense fundamentally driven by the ever growing desire of organisations and people across the world to take advantage of modern day opportunities, earn more money and grow in financial and economic terms (Kim Zurlo, 2008, p 130-141). Globalisation has come about and is spreading rapidly because of two important factors; advances in areas of science and technology and the global economic policies of powerful nations and organisations (Kim Zurlo, 2008, p 130-141). Astonishing advances in areas of science and technology have made it far simpler, easier, and cheaper for people to talk to each other across vast distances and exchange information and documents (International .2006, p 101-111). The growth of the Worldwide Web and the Internet have made huge amounts of information and data available to people in rich and poor countries, developed and developing economies, and in near and remote locations. Every person on this earth with a small personal computer and a broadband connection has as much information as any other. He or she can communicate across the world, find organisations and businesses, and engage in economic, cultural and social activity (International .2006, p 101-111). Advances in transportation tech nology have reduced costs of transportation immensely in terms of ocean freight costs and air fares, making it significantly easier for people to travel across vast distances and send both goods and services to distant locations (International .2006, p 101-111). Whilst globalisation has been facilitated by the many tools generated by science and technology, it has been initiated and encouraged by neo-liberal western economies like the United States, the UK and the wealthy countries of Western Europe (Boyer, 1993, p 10-12). These nations found themselves in control of the global economy after the collapse of the Soviet Union and initiated a number of economic and trade policies for the reduction of trade barriers and the movement of capital, production and service facilities, and people across nations. (Boyer, 1993, p 10-12) Such initiatives enabled the western nations to gain access to the huge markets in Asia, Latin America and Africa that they had lost in the wake of the demise of colonialism and enabled powerful western business organisations to use their financial and physical resources to establish and increase their business hegemony across the world (Gibson, 2003, p 59-73). The initiation and implementation of economic liberalisation policies by the majority of developing countries, at the instance of the IMF and the World Bank, provided western MNCs access to virgin new markets teeming with opportunity, and to good quality production and service facilities at costs that were unimaginable in the advanced economies (Gibson, 2003, p 59-73). Globalisation, whilst fed and facilitated by such factors, has increased rapidly in recent years and has assumed a life and a character of its own that now appears to be irreversible and beyond the control of any particular nation or group of nations (Standing Alber, 2000, p 99-119). The economies of various countries of developed economies and developing nations are now so interdependent that any effort to go against the trend seems to be absurd and doomed to failure (Standing Alber, 2000, p 99-119). Whilst globalisation, both economic and cultural, now appears to be irreversible, its impact continues to be fiercely debated (Standing Alber, 2000, p 99-119). Supporters of globalisation point to the enormous economic advancements that have been achieved by national economies, both in the developed and in the developing world, during the last two decades (International .2006, p 101-111). They state that the forces of globalisation, which have resulted in high levels of interaction between the peoples of different nations, in terms of exchange of goods, capital and people, and have been instrumental in bringing about unprecedented and astonishing growth in economic activity and cultural exchange, will also bring about greater convergence of global society in terms of economic and social equality between the people of rich and poor nations and the creation of a convergent global social and economic order (International .2006, p 101-111). Critics of globalisation are however equally forceful in their opinion of globalisation being little other than a tool of western nations for increasing their international economic and political hegemony (Tonelson, 2002, p 6-12). Such critics argue that the MNCs, like Nike, Gap, Coca Cola, IBM, who are the fundamental drivers of economic globalisation, are using every available opportunity to increase their profitability and are routinely engaging in a range of oppressive activities in the developing countries (Brecher Costello, 1994, p 1-4). They are on one hand using their resources and skills to establish market dominance over smaller, less resourced and less skilled local entrepreneurs and taking away from them their rightful markets (Brecher Costello, 1994, p 1-4). They are on the other hand exploiting the widespread economic poverty and need that exists in the developing world to obtain goods and services at cheap rates (Brecher Costello, 1994, p 1-4). Economic globalisatio n, such people state, far from creating convergence, is actively increasing the divergence between global societies (Brecher Costello, 1994, p 1-4). Recent years, they argue, have witnessed an increase in the economic differences between rich and poor societies, rather than in any meaningful convergence. Globalisation they state is resulting in a race to the bottom with increasing inequalities between different segments of people (Rudra, 2008, p 15-21). This short study takes up the debate between these two positions with reference to actual examples from rich and poor nations and strives to relate policy debates with actual realities. It strives to examine both sides of the debate and analyse whether globalisation in its present form will bring about greater economic and cultural harmony or should be moderated in the interest of social justice and equality. Race to the Bottom The race to the bottom represents a new economic phenomenon that is essentially an offspring of increasing globalisation (Tonelson, 2002, p 6-12). The concept results from the desires of developing economies in the contemporary globalised scenario for greater levels of FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) to boost their per capita GDP (Rudra, 2008, p 15-21). Such FDI is invited by developing countries for the installation of production facilities for domestic as well as international consumption. Many developing economies invite FDIs and foreign participation in their economies by promising (a) opportunities to MNCs for engaging cheap and skilled labour, and (b) freedom of action with regard to hiring and firing of workers (Rudra, 2008, p 15-21). The current boom in FDIs is being driven by the desire of MNCs to establish production and service locations in low wage areas, where governments allow organisations to operate without inconvenient restrictions (Gibson, 2003, p 59-73). The passage of various free trade agreements, another integral component of the globalisation phenomenon, provides little by way of protection of the rights of workers (USLEAP, 2010, p 1). Although South America constitutes the largest supplier of bananas to the US, banana farmers and workers are continually battling injustices, poor and insecure working conditions and insufficient wages (USLEAP, 2010, p 1). Such desires and circumstances have resulted in an ongoing initiative by various MNCs to reduce their production costs by seeking out countries and regions that offer cheap wages and have low regulatory controls (Gibson, 2003, p 59-73). MNCs, in their desire to achieve high profits, actively search for countries without labour regulations in order to construct factories and begin production of goods with swiftness and at remarkably low costs (Gibson, 2003, p 59-73). With some countries offering tax incentives for specific periods of time in return for investment in factories, MNCs are also able to reduce their total overhead costs by choosing their production locations with care (Gibson, 2003, p 59-73). The desire for developing economies to attract foreign investment often leads to intense competition between nations in offering more attractive production environments, which in other words translates into availability of workers with cheaper wages and slack labour regulations (Balko, 2010, p 1). Such actions essentially result in the constant depression of wages to workers and to poor working conditions. MNCs, in their desire for cheaper production costs and greater profitability, bring about a race to the bottom where workers are exploited continuously, compelled to work for low wages in difficult working conditions, and face risks of unemployment, whenever MNCs locate more favourable locations and decide to take their business and manufacturing facilities elsewhere (Balko, 2010, p 1). A 2000 BBC report revealed an alarming incidence of child workers and adverse working conditions at the Nike and Gap sweatshops in Cambodia. Subsequent to the expose, both companies stopped operatio ns in Cambodia leaving hundreds jobless (Balko, 2010, p 1). This race to the bottom, experts on globalisation state, is resulting, not just in greater inequality between the rich and the poor, but in an all enveloping phenomenon that is diminishing the lives and the environments of the people of developing countries (Tonelson, 2002, p 6-12). China and India provide numerous examples of how multinationals are exploiting workers (Chan, 2003, p 21- 28). American MNCs constantly ask for lower prices from their suppliers in China. The resultant reduction in wages to workers is thereafter cloaked by incorrect payroll reporting (Chan, 2003, p 21- 28). Dan McDougall (2008) states that companies like Gap and Esprit, both of which are widely recognised fashion brands, use subcontractors in India that surreptitiously use child labour behind closed doors and employ local toughs to keep visitors away. Local factory owners in India dodge labour regulations and powerful labour unions in order to employ an ever growing force of poor rural children. Many such children, especially those engaged in the textile sector, damage their eyesight and hands from long hours of work in badly lit rooms. Their growth is adversely affected by having to sit in abnormal positions in uncomfortable work stations. Most of them do not have fixed working hours or supportive trade unions. The wages of child workers are sometimes less than 20% of adult wages (McDougall, 2008, p1). The UN-HABITAT (2004), in a recent publication, states that the benefits of globalisation, in terms of improvements in incomes and economic growth are being negated by the rapid and unplanned urbanisation of cities, greater inequality and increased poverty. The movement of jobs and money to cities and states that can provide cheap labour is fuelling this race to the bottom. It is estimated that approximately 2 billion people, 75 % of the combined present day population of India and China, will live in slums by 2030. Amongst the worst affected by the reduction of barriers to the mobile modern day industries are female workers, whose wages and working conditions have reduced significantly. This race to the bottom is not just limited to the poorer developing nations. Even productive industrial cities like Detroit and Chicago have lost significant shares of their available jobs, because of production activities being shipped abroad by numerous business organisations (UN-HABITAT, 2004, p 1-2). Convergence and the Race to the Top Whilst the apprehensions and worries evidenced by modern day economists and experts on globalisation are very real and cause for immense concern, it would be foolish to deny the significance of the changes brought about by globalisation (Boyer, 1993, p 15-29). The composition of trade has for example changed dramatically over the last two decades. Both developing and industrialised countries now trade in competing products (Neto Viega, 2009, p 16-25). Whilst western economies, ever since the days of the industrial revolution, has exported manufactured products with high value addition, even as the rest of the world has traditionally exported primary commodities with low margins, more than 70% of the exports of developing countries are now constituted of manufactured items. Services, which until recent years were essentially local in nature, are progressively increasing their share of global trade (Neto Viega, 2009, p 16-25). Much of this shift in composition of trade has been accompanied with global redistribution of employment, as well as production (Boyer, 1993, p 15-29). Developing countries have now become important suppliers of numerous industrial goods. The advanced economies are also being able to sustain their economic growth with the support of an ever growing services sector in the developing countries (Boyer, 1993, p 15-29). MNCs, it cannot be denied, have contributed to such structural changes by shifting their operations to locations that are proximal to markets and have low labour costs (Boyer, 1993, p 15-29). Many countries that have been able to integrate into the global trading scheme are growing faster, obtaining better access to technology and capital, improving their productivity and achieving higher living standards (Boyer, 1993, p 15-29). China and India provide good examples of the adoption of sound economic and development strategies that take advantage of globalisation opportunities and yet ensure protection from its ill effects (Chan, 2003, p 21- 28). China has been regularly achieving an annual GDP growth rate in excess of 10% on the back of an export led economy that services markets across the world (Chan, 2003, p 21- 28). Such economic growth has changed the lives of millions of people and brought them above the poverty line (Chan, 2003, p 21- 28). The poverty rate in India remained stagnant from the late 1940s to the early 1980s despite the best efforts of a succession of socialist governments. The countrys growth rate spiked after the adoption of liberalisation policies i n the early 1980s. The growth rate soon crossed 6% and the country was able to cut poverty in half in the ensuing two decades (Rudra, 2008, p 30-39). There is also a hard body of evidence to suggest that the growing economic interdependency of the contemporary globalised era will inevitably compel most countries and organisations to adopt similar managerial and social processes to bring about a homogenisation of national, fiscal and social policies (Boyer, 1993, p 15-29). Such adoption of technologies and processes are being witnessed in China and India and will progressively pervade the developing world (Boyer, 1993, p 15-29). Supporters of globalisation argue that higher economic growth and incomes will automatically result in greater financial resources with states, which can then be used for improvement of social security and the quality of life of disadvantaged population segments and bring about improvements in education, skills and earning power (Boyer, 1993, p 15-29). Such processes will inevitably converge across nations to bring about improvements in the quality of life of millions of people across the globe and bring about a race to the top (Boyer, 1993, p 15-29). These arguments are of course supported by enormous data on the improvement in employment figures, higher incomes and better quality of life of people in the developing countries that have embraced globalisation. Discussion Globalisation has very clearly brought about immense benefits to the peoples of both developed and developing nations (International .2006, p 101-111). Whilst the developed economies have been able to use the huge markets and cost economic production bases that have opened up in the developing regions of Asia, South America, Africa and East Europe to sustain and grow their economies, the developing countries have been able to use their bank of skilled and unskilled people to increase employment, incomes, education and quality of life in their nations (International .2006, p 101-111). Mathematically and logically the situation appears to be a win-win situation for both the developed and the developing world and should hypothetically over time lead to a homogeneous mass of people across the world with converging political, social and economic processes and improved qualities of life (International .2006, p 101-111). Unfortunately the situation is hardly as simple as this. The ongoing process of globalisation is actually being carried forward by the actions of numerous international business organisations (Standing Alber, 2000, p 99-119). Many of these organisations are aiming to maximise their profits by exploiting each and every opportunity that is becoming available to them, because of (a) the eagerness of developing countries to accept their investment, and (b) the rather undeveloped legal infrastructural and social security systems in such countries (Standing Alber, 2000, p 99-119). Such circumstances are leading to numerous instances of oppression of vulnerable people, destruction of valuable environmental habitat, and elimination of local skills, cultures and even societies (Standing Alber, 2000, p 99-119). Relentless depletion of Philippines forest area from 35 to 20 percent is a direct result of the down levelling effect of globalisation (Brecher Costello, 1994, p 1-4). Local governm ents and regulatory authorities are in most cases ill-equipped and incapable of preventing such injustices from taking place (Standing Alber, 2000, p 99-119). The impetus of globalisation has also essentially come about from the development of a neo-liberal global economic order that allows international business organisations to do much as they please and renders national governments incapable of bringing in safeguards to protect their people, without losing out on fresh as well as existing investment (Tonelson, 2002, p 18-26). The situation is further compounded by the lack of a global regulatory body for the control of international trade and commerce from the humanistic perspective (Tonelson, 2002, p 18-26). Whilst much of international effort in the area of globalisation has focused on the facilitation of international business through the easing of capital and tariff barriers and recent years are seeing the growth of an international lobby for the protection of the global environment, there is no body or apparatus that protects the rights of workers and other segments of society who can be hurt by the rampant and uncontrolled actions of international business organisations and their local suppliers (Tonelson, 2002, p 18-26). The need of the hour is for the formation of a global body that will take concerted and joint action to protect the international society, and particularly that of the developing world, from the effects of the many unfortunate imbalances that can occur because of the desperation of local governments for attraction of investment and the propensity of business organisations to forsake social concern for organisational profit (Tonelson, 2002, p 18-26). Conclusions This study debates the positive and negative aspects of globalisation and attempts to determine the impact of the phenomenon on the lives of modern day humans. Globalisation is undoubtedly the defining feature of the contemporary world. Supporters of globalisation point to the enormous economic advancements that have been achieved by national economies, both in the developed and in the developing world, during the last two decades. They state that the forces of globalisation, which have resulted in high levels of interaction between the peoples of different nations, in terms of exchange of goods, capital and people, and have been instrumental in bringing about unprecedented and astonishing growth in economic activity and cultural exchange, will also bring about greater convergence of global society in terms of economic and social equality between the people of rich and poor nations and the creation of a convergent global social and economic order. Critics of globalisation are however equally forceful in their opinion of globalisation being little other than a tool of western nations for increasing their international economic and political hegemony. Such critics argue that the MNCs, who are the fundamental drivers of economic globalisation, are using every available opportunity to increase their profitability and are routinely engaging in a range of oppressive activities in the developing countries. Whilst the apprehensions and worries evidenced by modern day economists and experts on globalisation are very real and cause for immense concern, it would be foolish to deny the significance of the changes brought about by globalisation. The need of the hour is for the formation of a global body that will take concerted and joint action to protect the international society, and particularly that of the developing world, from the effects of the many unfortunate imbalances that can occur because of the desperation of local governments for attraction of investment and the propensity of business organisations to forsake social concern for organisational profit.

Homeless: What Has Been Done To Decrease The Problem? :: essays research papers

Homeless: What Has Been Done To Decrease The Problem? One of the largest growing concerns in Toronto is the constantly increasing number of citizens who are finding themselves living on the streets. With the decrease in the number of available jobs, the population of homeless people has literally boomed. My questions are not as simple to answer as they may appear. Why is a large portion of our community forced to live on the streets? What has be done to decrease the problem? These are the questions I will confront in my essay. With the economical wealth attributed to the name "Canada", one would have to wonder why there is a homeless situation at all. This problem is especially evident in Canada's wealthiest city, Toronto. When it comes to the affairs of the people, it is the government who should intervene. When I look at what the government has done with regard to the homeless problem, I have to doubt that everything is being done to eradicate it. The United Nations implemented a universal declaration of human rights. Article 25 Section 1 of this declaration states: Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing, and medical care and necessary social services, and to the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control. This is a step in the right direction. However, this is not enough. These rights are subject to the discretion of the government of the country who decides to obey these universal rights. How much is "adequate"? The government, both at the federal and municipal levels, is currently working on new spending cuts. These cuts also include spending on welfare, unemployment and social services that are geared towards helping the homeless. Spending cuts can be seen as a necessity to maintain the country economically, but the reason for having a government in the first place is to take care of the people. How can this be done when money is being taken away from those services that are necessary to uphold this obligation? Simply put, it cannot. Those obligations are served by nonprofit organizations who depend on government grants to maintain a standard of care for those who need the services. The blame cannot be placed only on the government. Such a system of assistance depends on its beneficiaries to be honest and have some integrity. Many recipients of these services attempt to "cheat the system".

Essay --

Austin Gutierrez Mr. Saluga Honors English 10 14 January, 2014 Physical Therapists When the occupation of â€Å"Physical Therapist† or â€Å"PT’ is mentioned, most people would think of a professional that works to rehabilitate athletes. This is partially correct because not only do physical therapists work at athletic facilities, but at hospitals, nursing homes, and physician offices as well (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics). Physical therapists work hard and stay on their feet constantly to help someone to the best of their ability (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics). Being a physical therapist is a spectacular job option for those who will focus on their education, licensing, and training to flourish in a job territory that is vastly increasing. To become a successful physical therapist, a large amount of education, experience, and licensing is needed. Prior to entering college, it would be in ones best interest to take the courses anatomy, biology, physics, and health. These courses can grant the individual background information and assist when going through tougher courses later in life. The first plan of action for someone pursuing this career path would be to earn their Bachelor’s Degree consisting of undergraduate/ pre PT courses. After obtaining this degree, the individual is able to attempt his Doctor of Physical Therapy Degree or â€Å"DPT†. Content areas during both of these programs include the aforementioned suggested courses plus other topics such as finance, clinical reasoning, evidence-based practice, endocrine/metabolic functioning, and musculoskeletal usage. The lengths of these programs are typically 3 years long each (Normative Model of Physical Therapist Professional Education: Version 2004 ). All PTs must receive a graduat... ...e a long and tedious journey. However, in the end, all the hard work pays off. American Physical Therapy Association. Normative Model of Physical Therapist Professional Education. Version 2004. PT Evaluative Criteria: Revised January 2014. Published: October 26, 2004. Print "Benefits of a Physical Therapist Career." Benefits of a Physical Therapist Career. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Jan. 2014. "Career as a Physical Therapist." Salary Site. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Jan. 2014. "ExploreHealthCareers.org." Physical Therapist. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Jan. 2014. "Physical Therapist (PT) Education Overview." Physical Therapist (PT) Education Overview. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Jan. 2014. "Role of a Physical Therapist." Role of a Physical Therapist. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Jan. 2014. "Summary." U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 8 Jan. 2014. Web. 14 Jan. 2014.